Samarra Journal of Engineering Science and Research
Samarra Journal of Engineering Science and Research (SJESR) Publisher: College of Engineering – University of Samarra ISSN: 2959-2178 (Print) | 2959-2186 (Electronic) Website: https://journals.uosamarra.edu.iq/sjesr/index Journal Overview Samarra Journal of Engineering Science and Research (SJESR) is a peer-reviewed, open-access scientific journal established in 2023. Published by the College of Engineering, University of Samarra, Iraq, the journal is issued quarterly in March, June, September, and December. SJESR also publishes special issues for conferences and symposia. The journal publishes original research articles, review papers, and technical communications in all engineering disciplines. All submissions must be written in English and undergo rigorous double-blind peer review to ensure the highest standards of scientific quality and integrity. Aims and Scope SJESR aims to advance knowledge and innovation in engineering by providing an international, interdisciplinary platform for the exchange of ideas among engineers, researchers, and scholars worldwide. The journal publishes high-quality, original research that contributes to the theoretical and practical understanding of engineering sciences. SJESR welcomes submissions in the following areas: Architecture Engineering Civil Engineering Mechanical Engineering Electrical and Electronic Engineering Environmental Engineering Chemical Engineering Communication and Information Engineering Industrial and Systems Engineering Materials and Manufacturing Engineering Biomedical Engineering Computer and Information Technology Other interdisciplinary engineering fields Open Access Policy SJESR is a fully open-access journal committed to making research freely available to the global community. All published articles are immediately and permanently accessible online without subscription fees, paywalls, or access barriers. All articles are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). Copyright Policy Upon acceptance for publication, authors agree to transfer copyright of their manuscripts to SJESR. The copyright transfer becomes effective when the manuscript is accepted for publication. SJESR becomes the copyright holder and publishes all content under the CC BY 4.0 license. Ethical Standards SJESR is committed to maintaining the highest standards of publication ethics and adheres to the guidelines established by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).
College of Engineering / University of Samarra
A modified image watermarking method with compressed watermark based on DCT-SVD transforms
In this work, an enhanced watermarking method is proposed. The SVD transform is utilized to compress the watermark image, so the capacity, imperceptibility, and security are increased. The cover image is separated into blocks, and the embedding is carried out on the highest variance blocks to increase the imperceptibility of the method. The selected blocks are transformed using the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), a matrix including the DC coefficients is created, and transformed by the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD). The compressed watermark’s principal components are embedded into the singular values of the cover image. A robust method is obtained by using the DCT-SVD transforms. A watermark with different sizes can be embedded without association with the number of image blocks, while the size of the watermark in a similar method is restricted by the number of cover image blocks in rows and columns. High Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) values are demonstrated by experimental results lying in the range (45.5-48.5) for the watermarked images of size 512*512 and a watermark of size 64*64, and it is possible to extract an acceptable quality watermark from the attacked image.
Copyright (c) 2026 Samarra Journal of Engineering Science and Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Review of the impact of cooling techniques on photovoltaic panel efficiency: Developments, effects, and challenges
The increasing demand for photovoltaic (PV) solar energy systems has intensified research into improving system performance. High operating temperatures are a primary factor degrading PV cell efficiency, with electrical yield decreasing by approximately 0.3% to 0.5% for every 1°C increase in temperature. This study reviews passive, active, and hybrid cooling technologies to evaluate their effectiveness in enhancing system efficiency. Passive technologies (e.g., Phase Change Materials, natural convection) offer low-maintenance solutions but typically yield moderate temperature reductions of 10–15°C. Active cooling systems (e.g., forced air, water spraying) provide superior heat dissipation but require external power. Hybrid systems, which integrate these mechanisms, demonstrate the highest potential, with studies reporting surface temperature reductions of 18–26°C and electrical efficiency gains exceeding 10%. The review concludes that while hybrid systems offer optimal thermal management, future adoption relies on improving techno-economic viability and integrating intelligent control systems.
Assessing the impact of excluded risks on cost and time of construction projects in Samarra using the relative importance index (RII)
This study examined the impact of excluded risks on the cost and schedule performance of construction projects in Samarra, a city affected by persistent security-related challenges. A quantitative research approach was adopted using a structured questionnaire distributed to 49 engineers and construction experts from different engineering disciplines. The collected data were analyzed using the Relative Importance Index (RII) to evaluate excluded risks in terms of likelihood of occurrence, impact on project cost, and impact on project duration. The results indicated that security-related risks, particularly those associated with war conditions and civil disturbances, were perceived as the most critical, with RII values exceeding 0.70 in several cases. In contrast, risks related to partial occupation of projects by the employer, contract-driven design constraints, and nuclear-related considerations were assessed as less significant, with RII values generally below 0.50. The findings also showed that contracts incorporating proactive risk mitigation measures were perceived as more effective in reducing cost overruns and schedule delays than traditional insurance-based risk allocation approaches. The study concluded that improving construction project performance in security-dominant environments requires preventive contractual strategies, locally adapted risk management frameworks, and continuous professional training for engineers and contractors.
Analysis of non-prismatic concrete beams under pure torsion: Numerical study
Reinforced concrete non-prismatic beams are widely used in structural engineering. Reinforced concrete non-prismatic beams are preferred members for many applications due to their important advantages. These include bridge pier caps, long-span girder bridge, and building frames. Light weight is the major benefits of this form of the beam which allows a bigger span in comparison to prismatic members. Despite of these advantages, there are no specific recommendations provided by different codes that would insure the detailing of these elements. Members with significant torsion require complicated 3D stress analysis, particularly after the members have developed a few cracks in the earlier stages of loading leading to development of nonlinear and complicated response for the members. In the present study, a 3D analysis using finite element method has been made to study the behaviour of non-prismatic reinforced concrete beams under pure torsion. Validation of a results obtained by finite element was done through a comparison with experimental data with respect to cracking load, maximum load, and torque-twist curve. Longitudinal torsional reinforcement improves maximum capacity by about 28.6%. An increase in tapering angle by about 100% modified the torsional capacity by about 15%. Generally, the FE results matched experimental results within 8%.
Durability of sandy soil stabilized with guar gum under wet-dry cycles
This study investigates the use of guar gum, a biopolymer, as an environmentally friendly soil stabilizer to improve the durability of sandy soil. Three types of sandy soils (SP, SW, and SP-SM) were treated with different amounts of guar gum (1%, 2%, and 3%) and were tested through several wetting and drying cycles (2, 4, and 5 cycles). Experimental results revealed a significant reduction in the collapse potential (Cp) from 50% to 71% and an increase in the liquid limit. The collapse rate decreased from 45% to 67% after the second and fifth cycles, respectively at the highest addition rate of 3%. The resistance to environmental changes was also improved. These results highlight the potential of guar gum as a sustainable sand stabilization solution for geotechnical practices and this work offers fresh perspectives on the application of guar gum to stabilise sand in situations involving periodic soaking and drying.
Copyright (c) 2025 Samarra Journal of Engineering Science and Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The phoenix of reconstruction: A review of concrete rubble recycling for post-war urban rebuilding
In addition to destroying buildings and lives, wars also leave behind tons of debris that make life difficult to rebuild. Thus, on the second day following a conflict, it is absolutely necessary to use this debris for reconstruction. This goes beyond simply turning debris into a new resource; it also includes the sense of significance that comes with reconstructing their homelands from their ruins. In order to highlight encouraging experiences with using rubble from destroyed buildings, this study reviews a variety of research. Additionally, it highlights research on recycling rubble, examining the characteristics of recycled rubble and emerging technologies in this area. It also looks at the difficulties in making use of the findings of this study and the possibility of putting them into practice. For those looking to provide aid to regions affected by natural disasters and conflicts, the combined efforts of scientific research and their application may be a winning card. Therefore, in order to recover rapidly, reconstruction efforts must start with the findings of scientific research.
Architectural historicism and the future of identity
This research investigates architectural historicism as a framework for reconciling cultural identity with the individuality of the present in shaping future-oriented architecture. It emphasizes the concepts of holism, individuality, and development, and explores two key mechanisms: interpretive reproduction and integration/contrast. These are demonstrated through two case studies. The King Fahd National Library in Riyadh exemplifies a high level of holism by reinterpreting the Arab tent in a contemporary form and integrating the existing historic structure within a new architectural envelope. The project reflects rooted identity through modern materials and technologies, achieving harmony between past and present. In contrast, the Haas Haus in Vienna employs a reflective façade that visually engages with its historical surroundings without mimicking them. It expresses individuality by asserting postmodern character while integrating symbolically with the context through reinterpretation of Roman curves. Both examples illustrate that architectural historicism is not a mere imitation of the past, but rather a dynamic process of reinterpretation that enables the creation of culturally grounded, innovative forms. The study concludes that historicism offers a productive design approach for generating authentic architecture that connects historical memory with contemporary needs.
Experimental study of the effect of nanomaterials on the thermal, magnetic, and corrosion properties of aluminium and copper tubes in solar collector system
Solar collectors are currently widely used to harness solar energy in various applications to achieve sustainable development goals. Solar collectors suffer from persistent corrosion of copper and aluminium tubes due to exposure to air and oxidation. Also the increasing of the thermal conductivity of the fluids using highly conductive nanomaterials. This investigation examined the effect of the utilization of magnetic fluids on the corrosion of flat plate collectors made of aluminium and copper. The outcomes of thermal conductivity tests indicated that the thermal conductivity of graphene-based nano fluids was 23.1% greater than the thermal conductivity of water (concentrated of 0.1%vol., temperature 50 °C). The thermal conductivity of the nanofluids containing carbon nanotubes was also increased by 33.44% compared to the water thermal conductivity (0.1% vol. temperature 50 °C). The outcomes of the solar collector's tube corrosion experiments demonstrated that the corrosion potentials of aluminium samples in base fluid, G+Fe3O4 nanofluid and CNT+ Fe3O4 nanofluid were all negative, which were: 0.95, 0.85 and 0.84, respectively. This demonstrates that the corrosion resistance of aluminium tubes in solar collectors in G+ Fe3O4 and CNT+ Fe3O4 fluid samples was enhanced by 14.32% and 15.03%, respectively, compared to water. The corrosion potentials of copper samples in base fluid, G+ Fe3O4 nanofluid and CNT+ Fe3O4 nanofluid are -0.82679, 0.77224 and 0.77058, respectively. This implies that the corrosion resistance of solar collectors made of copper in G+ Fe3O4 and CNT+ Fe3O4 is increased by 6.598% and 6.799%, respectively, compared to water.
Identification of construction risk techniques: A review
The construction project consists of multiple stages, independent and overlapping events and activities, and includes various parties, including decision-makers, consultants, owners, and project implementers. Completing a construction project is a difficult and complex process that is hardly devoid of problems or obstacles. The presence of risks, which may be either beneficial or detrimental, is one such impediment. Negative risks, uncertainty is the beginning of the emergence of risks, which have effects and consequences that prevent the achievement of project objectives. Therefore, the success of the project is guaranteed if the risks are identified from the beginning of the project., to complete a project or even a building project. This article aims to focus on the concept of risk management in general, the extent of its emphasis, and how to apply it to projects. Specifically, the initial stage of risk management, called risk identification, was reviewed. Ninety-one studies were reviewed between 1990 and 2023, demonstrating the importance of identifying risks, which helps stakeholders manage the project using modern management methods.
Multi-class classification framework for ear imaging using attention-based hybrid dense CNN and non-linear manifold approximation
The ear identification problem is the task of recognizing or authenticating an individual's identity based on the unique characteristics of their ear. Like fingerprints or face recognition, ear identification tasks mainly depend on the unique shape, structure, and geometry of the ear for accurate classification. Moreover, realizing high classification accuracy is challenging for both security systems and forensic investigations since it boosts the robustness of security systems and favors law enforcement efforts. In this work, we develop a novel deep learning-based multi-class classification approach for ear images that uses a hybrid-dense CNN architecture combined with a self-attention mechanism and uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP) for dimensionality reduction. We conducted our experiments with ear images labeled for multi-class classification, using a Dense CNN network built from Xception-Net and Dense-Net architectures to capture intricate patterns. The self-attention mechanism enhances feature representation, while UMAP optimizes feature space by simplifying high-dimensional data. The model processes low-dimensional features through fully connected layers and softmax for classification. The experimental findings of the proposed methodology showed classification accuracies of 98.24% on the first dataset and 94.66% on the second. When compared to cutting-edge models like VGG-Net, Inception Networks, and ResNet-50, our technique outperformed them in terms of classification accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score. This framework has great potential for use in a variety of applications, including biometric identification, medical diagnostics, forensic science, security systems, and assistive technology.
Modelling reservoirs operation and stability of earth dams: A state of art
Dams are among the most crucial hydraulic structures that play a fundamental role in flood control, hydroelectricity power generation, and various other purposes for which dams are constructed, In recent decades, simulation models have significantly facilitated understanding dam performance under multiple conditions and predicting potential catastrophes in emergency situations such as dam failure and extreme floods, many dams face the risk of slope failure due to water pressure or foundation soil conditions upon which the dam is constructed, Therefore, this research paper presents studies that have addressed dam simulation models, taking into consideration various operational and flood conditions, Additionally, it examines studies concerning dam slope failures, their most significant impacts and the methodologies for building these simulation models.
Proposed low Xilinx FPGA power consumption for recursive NOMA applied in optical visible light communication
Today the NOMA has exponential growth in the use of Optical Visible Light Communication (OVLC) due to good features such as high spectral efficiency, low BER, and flexibility. Moreover, it creates a huge demand for electronic devices with high-speed processing and data rates, which leads to more FPGA power consumption. Therefore; it is a big challenge for scientists and researchers today to recover this problem by reducing the FPGA power and size of the devices. The subject matter of this article is producing an algorithm model to reduce the power consumption of (Field Programmable Gate Array) FPGA used in the design of the Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) techniques applied in (OVLC) systems combined with a blue laser. However, The power consumption comes from Complex Digital Signal Processing (DSP) due to mathematical operations such as addition and multiplication which consume more FPGA power when compared with other parts of NOMA. The multiplication operation consumes more FPGA power than the additional operation. The article's goal is to propose low FPGA power consumption algorithms called recursive IFFT/FFT which reduce the FPGA power consumption by more than 45% compared with the model without the proposed algorithm using AMD Xilinx Kintex-7 with high-speed analogue card.
The effect of delay time in cold joints on the bonding and shear strength in concrete
This study investigates the effects of delay time in cold joints on the structural behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) beams and cubes with varying compressive strengths of 30 MPa and 50 MPa. The selected delay times (0, 60, and 180 minutes) were chosen to study their effect on shear strength and bond performance in the critical regions containing a cold joint. The shear strength at the critical regions that contain a cold joint was investigated in the beam without shear reinforcement tested under a four-point load. For the cubes, the bonding strength in the cold joint was indirectly investigated using the bi-surface shear test. Experimental results detected that cold joints significantly influence shear strength and failure modes, specifically for longer delay times. Beams without stirrups dominantly failed in shear, with diagonal cracks initiating near the support, while delay times exacerbated the weakening of bonds, altering stress distribution and crack patterns. Similarly, cubes subjected to bi-shear stress demonstrated varied failure modes, transitioning from cohesive to adhesive and mixed failures depending on the delay time and compressive strength. A higher compressive strength of 50 MPa enhanced the overall shear capacity compared to 30 MPa; however, it also contributed to increased brittleness in failure modes. The findings emphasize that the interaction between delay times and compressive strength plays a crucial role in influencing the bonding characteristics and shear behavior of concrete elements containing cold joints.
Influence of replacing aggregates by recycled waste plastic on the mechanical properties of concrete: A review
The rapid escalation in plastic production and consumption has resulted in a substantial increase in plastic waste, presenting serious environmental issues. In recent years, researchers have explored the possibility of using recycled plastic as an alternative aggregate in high-strength concrete, aiming to mitigate plastic waste and improve sustainability in construction practices. This study reviews the effects of incorporating recycled Plastic Aggregates (PA) on the properties of high-strength concrete. The review examines the effect of PA on concrete's physical, mechanical, and durability characteristics, highlighting both the potential benefits, such as enhanced energy absorption and sulfuric acid resistance, as well as limitations, including reduction in compressive strength. Current research indicates that despite changes in mechanical properties, concrete with recycled PA remains viable for many engineering applications. The findings confirm the need for further investigation into pre-treatment methods to optimize plastic aggregate performance, contributing to sustainable waste management and eco-friendly construction solutions.
Settlement of Circular Footing under Earthquake Load in Sandy Soil Treated with Steel Slag
This research studies the effect of treating sandy soil with steel slag under seismic action (El Centro, Kobe) because of the present increase in seismic effectiveness and going to minimize damage of the foundations by excessive settlement. Steel slag was added to sandy soil with three percentages (3%, 6%, and 9%) and compacted with a relative density of 56%, and 77%. The prepared soil samples were tested on a shaking table (vibrating table). Settlement occurs due to dynamic force. A circular foundation with a diameter of 100 mm and a thickness of 40 mm was used, and the applied load was constant at 3.81kg. When the earthquake accelerates more, it results in increased settlement of the circular foundation based on sandy soil, in a dry or saturated state. The settlement of the foundation increases when subjected to the El Centro and Kobe earthquakes. In addition, increasing the mixing ratios and relative density decreases the settlement of the foundation subjected to earthquake. As the mixing ratio increased to 9%, the settlement ratio decreased. In the dry state, the settlement decreased by (37.42% and 36.77%) at a relative density of 56% for the El Centro and Kobe respectively. At a relative density of 77%, the settlement rate decreased by (39.31% and 39.89%), respectively. In the saturated state, the settlement decreased by (28.05% and 22.92%) at a relative density of 56% for the El Centro and Kobe respectively. At a relative density of 77%, the settlement rate decreased by (31.87% and 25.17%) for the El Centro and Kobe respectively. The settlement for the saturated state was twice that for the dry state.
Formulating the Competitive Housing Model in Iraq
This study aims to develop a competitive housing model for the Iraqi housing sector, focusing on the challenges facing this sector, such as high houses price, houses low quality, and low housing competitiveness compared to international standards. This study addresses the impact of economic shifts, particularly globalization and the adoption of liberal economies, on the housing sector, emphasizing the need to invest in intellectual capital and improve architectural management to achieve sustainable competitive advantages. The research analyses key competitive indicators such as cost, quality, and financial returns, in addition to internal and external factors affecting the sector. It highlights the importance of innovation in architectural design and the use of modern technology, alongside enhancing public-private sector integration to support infrastructure and improve housing policies. By analysing Iraq's economic and social environment, the research proposes innovative strategies to boost competitiveness, including improving the quality of housing units, reducing construction costs, and fostering public-private partnerships. The study shows that achieving a balance between cost and quality, while increasing investment in intellectual capital, can enhance the competitiveness of Iraq's housing sector, contributing to better living standards and economic stability.
Evaluating the Thermal Performance of Solar Water Heating System Used Polypropylene Glycol with Al2O3 Nanoparticles in Different Concentrations as a Thermal Medium
In this study, three laboratory samples of a nanofluid consisting of alumina in a propylene glycol solution were prepared for three different concentrations in weight ratios (0.2, 0.4, and 0.6%). The thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity of the three concentrations were measured at different temperatures (20, 60, 100, 140, and 180) °C. The results showed that the concentration of 0.6% is the highest value for thermal conductivity, and it was chosen as a working fluid in the experimental device. The nanofluid was placed in copper tubes to act as a heat transfer fluid. Sunflower oil was used as a medium to store the heat acquired from solar radiation. The oil was placed inside the evacuated tube, and the spiral annular copper tube was immersed in the vegetable oil and the second copper tube inside the water tank. They were connected to each other with copper connectors and copper ball valves. The experimental device was operated on March 2, 2024, and the highest temperature of vegetable oil was recorded at 134.9 °C, nanofluid coming out of the water tank at 35.6 °C, nanofluid entering the water tank at 80 °C, and water temperature at 42 °C at 6 pm. The experimental device continued to operate, and on April 2, 2024, the highest temperatures of oil, outgoing liquid, incoming liquid, and water were recorded at (164.1, 62.9, 103, and 70.8) °C, respectively, at 6 pm. With the continued operation of the experimental device, there was a noticeable increase in temperatures, and the highest temperatures were recorded on May 15, 2024, for oil, outgoing liquid, incoming liquid, and water at (174.1, 69.4, 115.9, and 80) °C, respectively. At the same time, the intensity of solar radiation falling on the evacuated tube was calculated during the daytime hours from 8 am to 6 pm. The average solar radiation for one day was recorded and the amount of heat stored in sunflower oil and the amount of heat stored in water were calculated and the efficiency of the evacuated tube was calculated. The efficiency of the evacuated tube was (66%,54%,52%) For the days mentioned above.
Effect of Crimped Steel Fiber Ratios on Punching Shear Strength of Lightweight Concrete Slabs
Punching shear failure is an unfavorable failure mechanism that happens abruptly with little displacement in reinforced concrete flat slabs subjected to focused stress. A localized punching failure in one column increases the shear force acting on the surrounding columns. This could cause the adjoining columns to also experience a punching failure, ultimately resulting in the progressive collapse of the entire structure. In a way akin to a chain reaction, progressive collapse is the term used to characterize the propagation of an initial local failure within a structure, which may lead to a partial or complete collapse. This paper aims to investigate the impact of steel fiber on the punching shear of lightweight slabs. Three slabs measuring 750 x 750 x 70 mm are created. Two percentage of crimped steel fiber are using the volume of steel fiber was (0.5, 1) %. The results showed It can be seen that the ultimate load capacity was increased by (47.36) and (76.05) respectively. For sample content (0.5 and 1) steel fiber compare to control slab (S1-L-W). The results showed that the use of crimped steel fiber improved the first crack load by (84, 182.9) % for slabs used crimped steel fiber. Overall, the findings of this study indicate that adding the crimped steel fibers have significantly increased the ultimate load capacity, Ductility and toughness of the tested RLWC slabs.
Rehabilitation and Improving of Punching Shear Strength of Flat Plates: A Review
At times, due to change in design, replace in the construction design, function and general mistakes, it led to heavier or additional loads. These reason caused a brittle failure known as a punching shear of flat plates may be occur under static or dynamics load. Many works have been carried the objectives of punching shear strength presence flat slabs and the behavior of repaired flat plates damaged due to punching shear. In addition to increase thickness of slab, increase dimension of column, there are many technics focuses on slab column connection strengthened with varies way such as carbon fiber reinforced polymer, steel stiffeners, steel angle and steel collar with a view to enhancement, the punching shear strength of flat slab appears. This paper shows comparison between the slabs strengthening with these ways.
Influence of Circular Perforated Ribs on Heat Transfer in Channel
This work investigates the influences of ribs and perforated ribs on heat transfer in square channels. The circular perforated rib was selected in this work. The study theoretically analyses parameters of the thermal performance, which includes Nusselt number, heat transfer rate, and air temperature distributions along the duct centreline for different loads and Reynolds numbers. The results indicated that by using the ribs in the channel, the heat transfer rate, heat transfer coefficient, and Nusselt number increased. The heat transfer rate, heat transfer coefficient, and Nusselt number also increase with using holes in ribs compared with that of the solid one. The reason for the increase in heat transfer is due to an increase in turbulence and thermal surface area. Moreover, it is observed changing shapes of the perforated ribs affect the parameters of heat transfer performance. The percentage of increase and improvement in heat transfer for solid ribs was (11.11%, 14.4%, and 12.5%) respectively. As for perforated ribs, the percentages of Nusselt number, convection coefficient, and heat transfer rate improved by (16.9%, 19.7%, and 17.2%) respectively, to a Reynolds number of 32051.
Resource allocation in a MIMO network with smart reflective surfaces by using deep learning algorithms
Recently, wireless communications systems have developed significantly, and have impacted the spread of intelligent reflective surfaces (IRS) in multiple-input-multi-output (MIMO) networks. However, efficient allocation of resources such as power, bandwidth, and number of antennas among users in these networks remains a major challenge. A deep learning-relied (DL) algorithm for resource allocation in MIMO networks with IRS is suggested in this study. The proposed algorithm exploits the power of DL to optimize resource allocation in real-time, taking into account channel conditions as well as client motion. The performance of the suggested algorithm will be evaluated by performing multiple large-scale simulations and comparing it to existing resource allocation algorithms in MIMO/IRS system. The results show that the proposed LSTM-RNN/DL algorithm outperforms similar algorithms in terms of spectral efficiency, accuracy, and convergence speed. This research contributes to the development of resource allocation techniques in MIMO networks with IRS for outstanding efficiency using MATLAB program. Simulation results show BER of 104 with 99.8% performance efficiency to cover the increasing demand for wireless communication services.
Copyright (c) 2024 Samarra Journal of Engineering Science and Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Improving the management of highway construction projects using BOT system for heavy vehicles: A case study in Diyala
Due to population growth, introduction of new technologies in the construction industry, political turmoil and mismanagement that have plagued all countries of the world, especially developing countries like Iraq, the demand for infrastructure development in developing countries has witnessed a sharp increase in recent times. Governments are no longer able to keep up with the pace of society development and meet its demands. As a result, it has become imperative for private sector partners to join the public sector in financing infrastructure projects and sharing the associated risks. Both BOT and PPP are two distinct financing models that have shown strong progress and great potential for growth in the infrastructure industry, in terms of project financing. This paper discusses the concept, content, functions, advantages and disadvantages of financing, applicability and evolution of the two financing models in our nation from the perspective of investment and government financing. In this study, the Khalis-Baghdad road was chosen as a case study, as this road witnessed heavy traffic and stops because it is one of the most important commercial roads entering the capital, Baghdad, from its northern entrance, which works as a commercial link and transports goods and commodities from northern Iraq and outside the capital or passes through the capital on its way to southern Iraq. Also, due to the lack of periodic maintenance of the road as a result of the heavy loads placed on it for long periods, which led to significant deterioration of the road, a proposed investment road was established that includes heavy vehicles and was analyzed economically. After applying the BOT system, the net present value reached 59,119,395,765 dinars and a B/C ratio of 2 after operating for 10 years. The results were very good, indicating the possibility of applying and implementing such projects with this contract system in Iraq.
The Effect of Moving Bed Biofilm on the Nutrient Removal Efficiency by Using Enhanced Bardenpho Process
Wastewater is usually treated using various of chemical, physical, and biological approaches to remove phosphorus and nitrogen from it. This study looked at an experimental research that used a lab-scale Bardenpho process to evaluate the elimination of nutrients from synthetic wastewater. The purpose of this study is to investigate how HRT affects nutrient removal efficiency at different MBB ratios (0, 10, 20, and 30%) when total HRT is between 9.5 and 17.5 hours and the IR ratio is between 0 and 300%. The results showed a significant improvement concerning the influence of the MBB ratio on COD elimination, and there was a reasonable increase in TN and PO4 elimination as the MBB ratio increased from 0% to 30% and when IR ratio increased from 0 to 300%. Therefore, the optimum MBB ratio and total HRT for this research would be around 30% and 17.5 hr, respectively, with maximum removal efficiencies of 97.97% , 85.33% and 77.78% for COD, TN and PO4 respectively.
Evaluating the performance indicators of water channel projects related to user service
Water management is a critical issue globally, especially in Iraq, where improving water resource management is essential. This study focuses on user satisfaction as a key indicator in enhancing water channel projects, which are vital for meeting the water needs of the population and agricultural lands. Through a two-stage questionnaire process, with 56 responses analyzed, the study found that 53.6% of users preferred water channels, particularly lined channels, for irrigation. Key issues identified include water interruptions and insufficient project capacity, with 43% of respondents advocating for large-scale irrigation projects to improve service. The research suggests implementing projects with high absorptive capacity and modern irrigation methods to mitigate water scarcity. Notably, 84% of users favored water-saving irrigation techniques. The results aim to guide designers and policymakers in optimizing irrigation infrastructure, ensuring continuous water supply, and improving user satisfaction. The study also highlights the need to update aging infrastructure, as 28.6% of respondents attributed water shortages to outdated projects. By addressing these concerns, the research provides recommendations for developing more efficient water management systems and projects that cater to user needs and promote sustainability.
Assessing Shear Behaviour in Reinforced Concrete Beams: A Numerical Approach Using a Finite Element Program (ABAQUS)
Structural engineers frequently employ numerical techniques to provide approximate solutions to complex problems. This methodology is known as the finite element approach. It often collapses structural components into very small parts. Fundamental concepts of structural analysis and design theory are successfully included in nonlinear finite element analysis, which frequently yields accurate predictions of structural behavior. Recent advances in computer technology have contributed to the rise in popularity of finite element analysis. This article discusses the creation of the 3D model of nonlinear finite element for RC beams with shear behaviour. We generated and evaluated the finite element models using the ABAQUS program, specifically version 2019. The findings of the Finite Element Analysis for the strain distribution, load deflection relationship, modes of failure, and load capacity were mostly consistent with the experimental data. The experiment's actual maximum load capacity was, on average, 2.75%, lower than the figure that the ABAQUS computer algorithm projected. The practical trial and computational results showed a mean deflection difference of 7.54% at ultimate loads. Finite element (FE) analysis might be a good way to make estimates based on the beams' cracking behaviour, load-bearing capacity, and deformation characteristics. This is due to its ability to properly simulate crack propagation and structural damage, resembling the outcomes of actual investigations.
Compact and Switchable Printed Antenna Covering mm-wave for 5G system.
In recent years, there has been a growing demand for reconfigurable antennas in 5G (mm-wave band) applications. These antennas are designed to adapt and adjust their radiation patterns, polarization, or operating frequencies to meet the various requirements of 5G application. The main advantage of reconfigurable antennas is their ability to avoid noisy environments and direct the signal towards the intended user. Given the rapid growth of wireless communication, particularly in the context of 5G technology, researchers are handled with the task of developing an antenna that is smaller in size, but capable of providing a wider bandwidth and higher gain. This study constructs a compact-frequency reconfigurable antenna with three PIN diodes to operate in the millimetre-wave frequency range for use in 5G communication systems. We designed the suggested antenna using a Roger RT 5880 substrate, which has a relative dielectric constant of 2.2 and a thickness of 0.8 mm. This antenna covers a dual band of frequencies (25.3, 26.1, 28.2, 29, 45.6, 56.5) GHz by simply switching the diodes ON/OFF. The total dimension of the antenna is 8 × 8 × 0.8 mm³. This antenna is not only compact, but it also offers a great gain that varies from 3.61 to 6.34 dB, as well as 97% efficiency, bandwidth 14.9 GHz in the 5G bands. It was simulated using CST 2018 software package.
Fresh and Hardened Properties of Self-Compacting Concrete containing Waste Materials and Recycled Coarse Aggregate.
Currently, the use of waste materials and recycled aggregates in concrete production is increasing to achieve sustainability in the construction industry. This approach is essential because the resources for natural aggregates are decreasing worldwide. Using recycled aggregates and waste materials in self-compacting concrete (SCC) production is a promising strategy to address environmental concerns and enhance sustainability. This study investigates the combined impact of ground-granulated furnace slag (GGBS), wood waste ash (WWA), and recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) on the workability and strength of SCC. Recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) has been used as a substitute for natural coarse aggregate (NCA). In volume ratios of 0, 50, 100%, and for each of these percentages, 20% of the cement weight was replaced as following; 20% for WWA, 10% for WWA with 10% GGBS, 20% for GGBS, in addition to reference mixture which containing a cement percentage of 100%. The experimental program evaluates fresh properties (slump flow, V-funnel flow, and passing ability) and hardened properties (compressive strength and split tensile strength). Results indicate that increasing RCA content from 0% to 100% reduces slump value from 780 mm to 730 mm. Compressive and split tensile strengths decrease by 12.14% and 2.67%, respectively, with the increase of RCA from 0 to 100%. Using WWA and GGBS as cement replacements reduces compressive strength by 40.92% and 6.74%, respectively. Therefore, it is recommended to incorporate other waste materials with high pozzolanic reactivity to enhance SCC strength containing RCA.
The Effectiveness of Removing Water Pollutants by NC (Platinum / Graphite) Prepared by Cold Plasma
This work aims to use of the liquid phase of nanocomposite (NC) particles (platinum / graphite) to purify water from its organic (phenol) and inorganic (lead, cadmium, chromium) pollutants. The liquid phase was prepared by exposure to cold plasma using a locally manufactured system. The pollutants are removed by adsorption method. The obtained results showed that the phenol concentration decreased by 97.6% during the first 10 minutes and by 85.7 % after 60 minutes. The lead, Cd and Cr levels decreased by approximately 90%, 89.7% and100%, respectively, during the first 10 minutes, and by 82 %, 87% and 78%, respectively, after a period of 60 minutes. The results also exhibited that the purification percentages decrease slightly with increasing temperatures. The purification percentage of organic matter (phenol) reached about 95% at a temperature of 10 °C, and to 91% when the temperature rose to 50 °C. The lead, cadmium and chromium levels decreased about 90%, 89% and 100 %, respectively, at a temperature of 10 ° C, and decreased to by 83%, 88% and 70%, respectively, when the temperature rose to 50 °C. This confirms the effectiveness of NC particles (platinum/graphite) prepared with cold plasma for use as treatment of organic and inorganic pollutants dissolved in their aqueous solutions.
Exergy analysis of Gas Turbine Power Station under Different Operation Conditions
The present study aims to assess and investigate the Qayyarah Gas Station in Nineveh City, Iraq's gas turbine power generating system. The gas turbine unit produces a design power of up to a maximum of 125 megawatts under standard conditions, and the operating power of one unit of the station reaches 100 megawatts. The system is made up of a generator, air compressor, and gas turbine that are connected to a single shaft. Based on the direct Joule-Brayton cycle, it performs its duties. The concepts of conservation of mass, first law, and second law were taken into consideration while analysing the exergy of the aforementioned unit. The study's primary goal was to determine how various factors, such as operational load, relative humidity, ambient temperature, and pressure ratio, affect one another. To reproduce the company's data, two programs were employed; the first utilized Aspen HYSYS, while the second used Excel to design the simulation. For that year's simulation, average data from every month of the simulation was used to assess the gas unit's performance. The findings of the simulation showed that the combustion chamber is the main source of energy dissipation and that fuel in the form of chemicals may produce the most energy. According to the findings, the highest energy efficiency of the station was reached in the month of December at a temperature of (17C˚(, about (40.2%), while the maximum available energy efficiency (Exergy) was reached in the month of December at a temperature of (17C˚(, about (33.7%). The lower the external ambient temperature, the greater the station's utility.
The role of financing methods in the success of small project management: A review
The present research looks at the role of financial approaches in the success of small-project management. The research highlights the significant role of small projects in various economies and their ability to bridge the gap between large and small-scale initiatives. Policymakers recognize the importance of small projects in achieving economic and social goals. Small and medium-sized enterprises face challenges in project management, particularly in the globalized business environment. Adequate funding and competitive pricing are essential to overcome these challenges and meet the increasing demands placed on organizations. The research problem focuses on how financing methods can effectively contribute to the success of small projects The methodology used theoretical and descriptive, which focus on analyzing previous studies, describing the components of small projects and financing methods, and discussing hypotheses through gathering information from paper sources and internet sources utilized and relevant information on financing methods and their impact on small project success. The literature review involved analyzing previous research, describing components of small projects and financing methods, and discussing hypotheses related to success factors. The study delves deeper into the relationship of funding techniques and the success of small initiatives, taking into account the various types of financial resources available and the significance of financial inclusion. It draws on the experiences of many nations and financial institutions to offer light on theoretical frameworks and success criteria for funding small projects The study emphasizes the crucial role of financing methods and financial management in meeting the resource needs of organizations and satisfying customer demands in small projects. Success factors associated with financing small projects include proper financial planning, access to diverse financial resources, and financial inclusion. The paper concludes by outlining by understanding the significance of small projects, utilizing appropriate financing methods, and addressing the challenges in small project management are crucial for achieving success. Policymakers, organizations, and individuals should focus on implementing effective financial strategies and considering success factors to ensure the success of small projects.