Samarra Journal of Engineering Science and Research
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description: Samarra Journal of Engineering Science and Research (SJESR) Publisher: College of Engineering – University of Samarra ISSN: 2959-2178 (Print) | 2959-2186 (Electronic) Website: https://journals.uosamarra.edu.iq/sjesr/index Journal Overview Samarra Journal of Engineering Science and Research (SJESR) is a peer-reviewed, open-access scientific journal established in 2023. Published by the College of Engineering, University of Samarra, Iraq, the journal is issued quarterly in March, June, September, and December. SJESR also publishes special issues for conferences and symposia. The journal publishes original research articles, review papers, and technical communications in all engineering disciplines. All submissions must be written in English and undergo rigorous double-blind peer review to ensure the highest standards of scientific quality and integrity. Aims and Scope SJESR aims to advance knowledge and innovation in engineering by providing an international, interdisciplinary platform for the exchange of ideas among engineers, researchers, and scholars worldwide. The journal publishes high-quality, original research that contributes to the theoretical and practical understanding of engineering sciences. SJESR welcomes submissions in the following areas: Architecture Engineering Civil Engineering Mechanical Engineering Electrical and Electronic Engineering Environmental Engineering Chemical Engineering Communication and Information Engineering Industrial and Systems Engineering Materials and Manufacturing Engineering Biomedical Engineering Computer and Information Technology Other interdisciplinary engineering fields Open Access Policy SJESR is a fully open-access journal committed to making research freely available to the global community. All published articles are immediately and permanently accessible online without subscription fees, paywalls, or access barriers. All articles are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.…
publisher: College of Engineering / University of Samarra
language: en
publication name: Samarra Journal of Engineering Science and Research
issn: 2959-2178
items: Evaluation of the efficiency of Dracaena sanderiana in removing nutrients from synthetic wastewater by phytoremediation technology
items: An experimental comparative study of the mechanical properties of synthetic carbon/glass fiber composites and natural palm fibers for automotive hood applications
items: Application of biomaterial titanium alloy as an osseointegration prosthesis: Literature review
items: A modified image watermarking method with compressed watermark based on DCT-SVD transforms
items: Review of the impact of cooling techniques on photovoltaic panel efficiency: Developments, effects, and challenges
items: Assessing the impact of excluded risks on cost and time of construction projects in Samarra using the relative importance index (RII)
items: Analysis of non-prismatic concrete beams under pure torsion: Numerical study
items: Durability of sandy soil stabilized with guar gum under wet-dry cycles
items: The phoenix of reconstruction: A review of concrete rubble recycling for post-war urban rebuilding
items: Architectural historicism and the future of identity
items: Experimental study of the effect of nanomaterials on the thermal, magnetic, and corrosion properties of aluminium and copper tubes in solar collector system
items: Identification of construction risk techniques: A review
items: Multi-class classification framework for ear imaging using attention-based hybrid dense CNN and non-linear manifold approximation
items: Modelling reservoirs operation and stability of earth dams: A state of art
items: Proposed low Xilinx FPGA power consumption for recursive NOMA applied in optical visible light communication
items: The effect of delay time in cold joints on the bonding and shear strength in concrete
items: Influence of replacing aggregates by recycled waste plastic on the mechanical properties of concrete: A review
items: Settlement of Circular Footing under Earthquake Load in Sandy Soil Treated with Steel Slag
items: Formulating the Competitive Housing Model in Iraq
items: Evaluating the Thermal Performance of Solar Water Heating System Used Polypropylene Glycol with Al2O3 Nanoparticles in Different Concentrations as a Thermal Medium
items: Effect of Crimped Steel Fiber Ratios on Punching Shear Strength of Lightweight Concrete Slabs
items: Rehabilitation and Improving of Punching Shear Strength of Flat Plates: A Review
items: Influence of Circular Perforated Ribs on Heat Transfer in Channel
items: Resource allocation in a MIMO network with smart reflective surfaces by using deep learning algorithms
items: Improving the management of highway construction projects using BOT system for heavy vehicles: A case study in Diyala
items: The Effect of Moving Bed Biofilm on the Nutrient Removal Efficiency by Using Enhanced Bardenpho Process
items: Evaluating the performance indicators of water channel projects related to user service
items: Assessing Shear Behaviour in Reinforced Concrete Beams: A Numerical Approach Using a Finite Element Program (ABAQUS)
items: Compact and Switchable Printed Antenna Covering mm-wave for 5G system.
items: Fresh and Hardened Properties of Self-Compacting Concrete containing Waste Materials and Recycled Coarse Aggregate.

Evaluation of the efficiency of Dracaena sanderiana in removing nutrients from synthetic wastewater by phytoremediation technology
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description: The removal of nutrients from industrial wastewater is needed in order to mitigate water pollution. Phytoremediation is economical and environmentally friendly but there is limited research on the efficiency of Dracaena sanderiana for removal of phosphate and nitrate. The efficiency of the ornamental plant Dracaena sanderiana in removing nutrients and organic matter from synthetic wastewater in a hydroponic treatment system was evaluated in this study. Experiments were conducted for five days under controlled laboratory conditions and three runs were performed with different initial concentrations of pollutants to assess the effect of pollutant loading on the removal of phosphate, nitrate and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The first experiment showed 71–76% removal of phosphate, 71–73% removal of nitrate and about 57% removal of COD. In the second experiment, removal was 52–59% for phosphate, 65–69% for nitrate, and approximately 51% for COD. In the third experiment, the efficiencies declined to approximately 40% for phosphate, 51% for nitrate, and 49% for COD. The relative removal efficiency decreased as the initial pollutant concentration increased, likely owing to higher pollutant loading and saturation of the plant's absorption capacity. These findings indicate that Dracaena sanderiana is a feasible, low-cost, and eco-friendly option for improving water quality within a relatively short treatment period.
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creator: Saifaldin Abd Moslih
creator: Masood M. Hazzaa
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Samarra Journal of Engineering Science and Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 22
ending page: 34
doi: 10.65115/vnmjxn49

An experimental comparative study of the mechanical properties of synthetic carbon/glass fiber composites and natural palm fibers for automotive hood applications
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description: There is an increased interest in natural fiber composite materials as alternatives for metals in the manufacture of automotive hoods in the automotive industry. This study aims to experimentally investigate the mechanical properties of hybrid composites of synthetic fibers carbon/glass and natural palm fibers in a polyester matrix. Composites were manufactured by the vacuum-assisted layering process, including carbon/glass hybrid laminates 45 wt. % fibers, palm fiber laminates 30 wt. % fibers with unsaturated polyester resin under ambient conditions in 24 hours. Test results revealed that carbon/glass hybrid composites had excellent mechanical properties in terms of tensile strength 274 MPa and impact energy absorption capability 1.25-2.1 J, contrary to poor mechanical strength and energy absorption capabilities of palm fiber composite tensile strength 47 MPa; 0.25-0.44 J. Flexural test confirmed the better mechanical resistance in bending of the hybrid synthetic composite, resisting up to 9 kN load before failure, while the palm fiber composite failed at a load of 1.58 kN due to brittleness of its structure and weak interaction with the polyester matrix. Despite having great benefits for the environment, due to mechanical weaknesses, further fiber treatment may be required to improve natural fiber material performance.
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creator: Marwah Ali
creator: Ansam Mohammed
creator: Shylesha Channapattana
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Samarra Journal of Engineering Science and Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 35
ending page: 48
doi: 10.65115/wg2saz27

Application of biomaterial titanium alloy as an osseointegration prosthesis: Literature review
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description: Osseointegration prosthetic limbs are garnering considerable interest from both professionals and patients. Titanium alloy implant prostheses provide superior performance compared to conventional socket-based prostheses in mobility, comfort, tactile perception, and overall patient satisfaction, thereby improving a patient's independence and comfort. Osseo Sense is an important aspect that enables the patient to perceive enhanced tactile sensations with the prosthesis compared to a conventional socket. Moreover, osseointegration is challenged by limitations that require continuous investigation, including infection and periprosthetic fracture. This study offers an extensive review of the literature on osseointegrated prostheses, highlighting their advantages and limitations, the various systems utilizing this concept, the surgical techniques employed, the application of surface modifications, and the selection of suitable materials for different implant systems. Moreover, it is essential to continuously enhance titanium alloys, such as Ti-13Nb-13Zr, to resolve current implant-related issues. This study emphasizes the necessity for increased multidisciplinary research and the potential usefulness of the implant system once existing limitations are resolved. This study offers an alternative perspective on osseointegration, clarifying the latest developments in the field.
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creator: Hiba Ahmed
creator: Dunya Hamdi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Samarra Journal of Engineering Science and Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-06-30
publication date: 2026-06-30
starting page: 1
ending page: 21
doi: 10.65115/r1q4jk03

A modified image watermarking method with compressed watermark based on DCT-SVD transforms
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description: In this work, an enhanced watermarking method is proposed. The SVD transform is utilized to compress the watermark image, so the capacity, imperceptibility, and security are increased. The cover image is separated into blocks, and the embedding is carried out on the highest variance blocks to increase the imperceptibility of the method. The selected blocks are transformed using the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), a matrix including the DC coefficients is created, and transformed by the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD). The compressed watermark’s principal components are embedded into the singular values of the cover image. A robust method is obtained by using the DCT-SVD transforms. A watermark with different sizes can be embedded without association with the number of image blocks, while the size of the watermark in a similar method is restricted by the number of cover image blocks in rows and columns. High Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) values are demonstrated by experimental results lying in the range (45.5-48.5) for the watermarked images of size 512*512 and a watermark of size 64*64, and it is possible to extract an acceptable quality watermark from the attacked image.
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creator: Sahar Khalid Ahmed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Samarra Journal of Engineering Science and Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-30
publication date: 2026-03-30
starting page: 1
ending page: 12
doi: 10.65115/ft8tx819

Review of the impact of cooling techniques on photovoltaic panel efficiency: Developments, effects, and challenges
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description: The increasing demand for photovoltaic (PV) solar energy systems has intensified research into improving system performance. High operating temperatures are a primary factor degrading PV cell efficiency, with electrical yield decreasing by approximately 0.3% to 0.5% for every 1°C increase in temperature. This study reviews passive, active, and hybrid cooling technologies to evaluate their effectiveness in enhancing system efficiency. Passive technologies (e.g., Phase Change Materials, natural convection) offer low-maintenance solutions but typically yield moderate temperature reductions of 10–15°C. Active cooling systems (e.g., forced air, water spraying) provide superior heat dissipation but require external power. Hybrid systems, which integrate these mechanisms, demonstrate the highest potential, with studies reporting surface temperature reductions of 18–26°C and electrical efficiency gains exceeding 10%. The review concludes that while hybrid systems offer optimal thermal management, future adoption relies on improving techno-economic viability and integrating intelligent control systems.
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creator: Abdullah Fliah
creator: mahmoud mahmoud
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Samarra Journal of Engineering Science and Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-28
publication date: 2026-01-28
starting page: 20
ending page: 50
doi: 10.65115/m432bv11

Assessing the impact of excluded risks on cost and time of construction projects in Samarra using the relative importance index (RII)
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description: This study examined the impact of excluded risks on the cost and schedule performance of construction projects in Samarra, a city affected by persistent security-related challenges. A quantitative research approach was adopted using a structured questionnaire distributed to 49 engineers and construction experts from different engineering disciplines. The collected data were analyzed using the Relative Importance Index (RII) to evaluate excluded risks in terms of likelihood of occurrence, impact on project cost, and impact on project duration. The results indicated that security-related risks, particularly those associated with war conditions and civil disturbances, were perceived as the most critical, with RII values exceeding 0.70 in several cases. In contrast, risks related to partial occupation of projects by the employer, contract-driven design constraints, and nuclear-related considerations were assessed as less significant, with RII values generally below 0.50. The findings also showed that contracts incorporating proactive risk mitigation measures were perceived as more effective in reducing cost overruns and schedule delays than traditional insurance-based risk allocation approaches. The study concluded that improving construction project performance in security-dominant environments requires preventive contractual strategies, locally adapted risk management frameworks, and continuous professional training for engineers and contractors.
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creator: Ahmed Dhiyaa
creator: Ahmed Hadi
creator: Abeer Ahmed
creator: Maryam Hassan
creator: Noor Salim
creator: Ghadah Hadher
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Samarra Journal of Engineering Science and Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-28
publication date: 2026-01-28
starting page: 1
ending page: 19
doi: 10.65115/x2q6mt60

Analysis of non-prismatic concrete beams under pure torsion: Numerical study
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description: Reinforced concrete non-prismatic beams are widely used in structural engineering. Reinforced concrete non-prismatic beams are preferred members for many applications due to their important advantages. These include bridge pier caps, long-span girder bridge, and building frames. Light weight is the major benefits of this form of the beam which allows a bigger span in comparison to prismatic members. Despite of these advantages, there are no specific recommendations provided by different codes that would insure the detailing of these elements. Members with significant torsion require complicated 3D stress analysis, particularly after the members have developed a few cracks in the earlier stages of loading leading to development of nonlinear and complicated response for the members. In the present study, a 3D analysis using finite element method has been made to study the behaviour of non-prismatic reinforced concrete beams under pure torsion. Validation of a results obtained by finite element was done through a comparison with experimental data with respect to cracking load, maximum load, and torque-twist curve. Longitudinal torsional reinforcement improves maximum capacity by about 28.6%. An increase in tapering angle by about 100% modified the torsional capacity by about 15%. Generally, the FE results matched experimental results within 8%.
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creator: Omer Ibraheem
creator: Safa Rasheed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Samarra Journal of Engineering Science and Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-28
publication date: 2026-01-28
starting page: 51
ending page: 64
doi: 10.65115/aad85k11

Durability of sandy soil stabilized with guar gum under wet-dry cycles
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description: This study investigates the use of guar gum, a biopolymer, as an environmentally friendly soil stabilizer to improve the durability of sandy soil. Three types of sandy soils (SP, SW, and SP-SM) were treated with different amounts of guar gum (1%, 2%, and 3%) and were tested through several wetting and drying cycles (2, 4, and 5 cycles). Experimental results revealed a significant reduction in the collapse potential (Cp) from 50% to 71% and an increase in the liquid limit. The collapse rate decreased from 45% to 67% after the second and fifth cycles, respectively at the highest addition rate of 3%. The resistance to environmental changes was also improved. These results highlight the potential of guar gum as a sustainable sand stabilization solution for geotechnical practices and this work offers fresh perspectives on the application of guar gum to stabilise sand in situations involving periodic soaking and drying.
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creator: Ahmed H. Hussein
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Samarra Journal of Engineering Science and Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 51
ending page: 59
doi: 10.65115/9fyp3s97

The phoenix of reconstruction: A review of concrete rubble recycling for post-war urban rebuilding
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description: In addition to destroying buildings and lives, wars also leave behind tons of debris that make life difficult to rebuild. Thus, on the second day following a conflict, it is absolutely necessary to use this debris for reconstruction. This goes beyond simply turning debris into a new resource; it also includes the sense of significance that comes with reconstructing their homelands from their ruins. In order to highlight encouraging experiences with using rubble from destroyed buildings, this study reviews a variety of research. Additionally, it highlights research on recycling rubble, examining the characteristics of recycled rubble and emerging technologies in this area. It also looks at the difficulties in making use of the findings of this study and the possibility of putting them into practice. For those looking to provide aid to regions affected by natural disasters and conflicts, the combined efforts of scientific research and their application may be a winning card. Therefore, in order to recover rapidly, reconstruction efforts must start with the findings of scientific research.
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creator: Maryam Hassan Ahmad
creator: Abeer Ahmed Azzawi
creator: Ghadah Hadher Hamad
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Samarra Journal of Engineering Science and Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 33
ending page: 50
doi: 10.65115/t2y3w798

Architectural historicism and the future of identity
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description: This research investigates architectural historicism as a framework for reconciling cultural identity with the individuality of the present in shaping future-oriented architecture. It emphasizes the concepts of holism, individuality, and development, and explores two key mechanisms: interpretive reproduction and integration/contrast. These are demonstrated through two case studies. The King Fahd National Library in Riyadh exemplifies a high level of holism by reinterpreting the Arab tent in a contemporary form and integrating the existing historic structure within a new architectural envelope. The project reflects rooted identity through modern materials and technologies, achieving harmony between past and present. In contrast, the Haas Haus in Vienna employs a reflective façade that visually engages with its historical surroundings without mimicking them. It expresses individuality by asserting postmodern character while integrating symbolically with the context through reinterpretation of Roman curves. Both examples illustrate that architectural historicism is not a mere imitation of the past, but rather a dynamic process of reinterpretation that enables the creation of culturally grounded, innovative forms. The study concludes that historicism offers a productive design approach for generating authentic architecture that connects historical memory with contemporary needs.
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creator: Mustafa Saadi Abdulmuhsin
creator: Arshad Abdul Jabbar Alanizi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Samarra Journal of Engineering Science and Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 15
ending page: 32
doi: 10.65115/hn9jx622

Experimental study of the effect of nanomaterials on the thermal, magnetic, and corrosion properties of aluminium and copper tubes in solar collector system
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description: Solar collectors are currently widely used to harness solar energy in various applications to achieve sustainable development goals. Solar collectors suffer from persistent corrosion of copper and aluminium tubes due to exposure to air and oxidation. Also the increasing of the thermal conductivity of the fluids using highly conductive nanomaterials. This investigation examined the effect of the utilization of magnetic fluids on the corrosion of flat plate collectors made of aluminium and copper. The outcomes of thermal conductivity tests indicated that the thermal conductivity of graphene-based nano fluids was 23.1% greater than the thermal conductivity of water (concentrated of 0.1%vol., temperature 50 °C). The thermal conductivity of the nanofluids containing carbon nanotubes was also increased by 33.44% compared to the water thermal conductivity (0.1% vol. temperature 50 °C). The outcomes of the solar collector's tube corrosion experiments demonstrated that the corrosion potentials of aluminium samples in base fluid, G+Fe3O4 nanofluid and CNT+ Fe3O4 nanofluid were all negative, which were: 0.95, 0.85 and 0.84, respectively. This demonstrates that the corrosion resistance of aluminium tubes in solar collectors in G+ Fe3O4 and CNT+ Fe3O4 fluid samples was enhanced by 14.32% and 15.03%, respectively, compared to water. The corrosion potentials of copper samples in base fluid, G+ Fe3O4 nanofluid and CNT+ Fe3O4 nanofluid are -0.82679, 0.77224 and 0.77058, respectively. This implies that the corrosion resistance of solar collectors made of copper in G+ Fe3O4 and CNT+ Fe3O4 is increased by 6.598% and 6.799%, respectively, compared to water.
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creator: Mhmood Shakir Kadhim AL Hamrah
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Samarra Journal of Engineering Science and Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 1
ending page: 14
doi: 10.65115/m0amq839

Identification of construction risk techniques: A review
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description: The construction project consists of multiple stages, independent and overlapping events and activities, and includes various parties, including decision-makers, consultants, owners, and project implementers. Completing a construction project is a difficult and complex process that is hardly devoid of problems or obstacles. The presence of risks, which may be either beneficial or detrimental, is one such impediment. Negative risks, uncertainty is the beginning of the emergence of risks, which have effects and consequences that prevent the achievement of project objectives. Therefore, the success of the project is guaranteed if the risks are identified from the beginning of the project., to complete a project or even a building project. This article aims to focus on the concept of risk management in general, the extent of its emphasis, and how to apply it to projects. Specifically, the initial stage of risk management, called risk identification, was reviewed. Ninety-one studies were reviewed between 1990 and 2023, demonstrating the importance of identifying risks, which helps stakeholders manage the project using modern management methods.
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creator: Marwa Makki
creator: Ahlam Abbood
creator: Raghad Mahmood
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Samarra Journal of Engineering Science and Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 24
ending page: 40
doi: 10.65115/21kw9471

Multi-class classification framework for ear imaging using attention-based hybrid dense CNN and non-linear manifold approximation
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description: The ear identification problem is the task of recognizing or authenticating an individual's identity based on the unique characteristics of their ear. Like fingerprints or face recognition, ear identification tasks mainly depend on the unique shape, structure, and geometry of the ear for accurate classification. Moreover, realizing high classification accuracy is challenging for both security systems and forensic investigations since it boosts the robustness of security systems and favors law enforcement efforts. In this work, we develop a novel deep learning-based multi-class classification approach for ear images that uses a hybrid-dense CNN architecture combined with a self-attention mechanism and uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP) for dimensionality reduction. We conducted our experiments with ear images labeled for multi-class classification, using a Dense CNN network built from Xception-Net and Dense-Net architectures to capture intricate patterns. The self-attention mechanism enhances feature representation, while UMAP optimizes feature space by simplifying high-dimensional data. The model processes low-dimensional features through fully connected layers and softmax for classification. The experimental findings of the proposed methodology showed classification accuracies of 98.24% on the first dataset and 94.66% on the second. When compared to cutting-edge models like VGG-Net, Inception Networks, and ResNet-50, our technique outperformed them in terms of classification accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score. This framework has great potential for use in a variety of applications, including biometric identification, medical diagnostics, forensic science, security systems, and assistive technology.
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creator: Mohammed Alezzi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Samarra Journal of Engineering Science and Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 1
ending page: 23
doi: 10.65115/7dnryk35

Modelling reservoirs operation and stability of earth dams: A state of art
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description: Dams are among the most crucial hydraulic structures that play a fundamental role in flood control, hydroelectricity power generation, and various other purposes for which dams are constructed, In recent decades, simulation models have significantly facilitated understanding dam performance under multiple conditions and predicting potential catastrophes in emergency situations such as dam failure and extreme floods, many dams face the risk of slope failure due to water pressure or foundation soil conditions upon which the dam is constructed, Therefore, this research paper presents studies that have addressed dam simulation models, taking into consideration various operational and flood conditions, Additionally, it examines studies concerning dam slope failures, their most significant impacts and the methodologies for building these simulation models.
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creator: Surra Hussein Al-Kahwaji
creator: Yousif Hashim Al-Aqeeli
creator: Zuhair Ismael Karabash
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Samarra Journal of Engineering Science and Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-03-30
publication date: 2025-03-30
starting page: 1
ending page: 20
doi: 10.65115/k6hk4m22

Proposed low Xilinx FPGA power consumption for recursive NOMA applied in optical visible light communication
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description: Today the NOMA has exponential growth in the use of Optical Visible Light Communication (OVLC) due to good features such as high spectral efficiency, low BER, and flexibility. Moreover, it creates a huge demand for electronic devices with high-speed processing and data rates, which leads to more FPGA power consumption. Therefore; it is a big challenge for scientists and researchers today to recover this problem by reducing the FPGA power and size of the devices. The subject matter of this article is producing an algorithm model to reduce the power consumption of (Field Programmable Gate Array) FPGA used in the design of the Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) techniques applied in (OVLC) systems combined with a blue laser. However, The power consumption comes from Complex Digital Signal Processing (DSP) due to mathematical operations such as addition and multiplication which consume more FPGA power when compared with other parts of NOMA. The multiplication operation consumes more FPGA power than the additional operation. The article's goal is to propose low FPGA power consumption algorithms called recursive IFFT/FFT which reduce the FPGA power consumption by more than 45% compared with the model without the proposed algorithm using AMD Xilinx Kintex-7 with high-speed analogue card.
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creator: Sameer Sami Hassan Al-Obaidi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Samarra Journal of Engineering Science and Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-03-30
publication date: 2025-03-30
starting page: 21
ending page: 33
doi: 10.65115/m5sr5a87

The effect of delay time in cold joints on the bonding and shear strength in concrete
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description: This study investigates the effects of delay time in cold joints on the structural behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) beams and cubes with varying compressive strengths of 30 MPa and 50 MPa. The selected delay times (0, 60, and 180 minutes) were chosen to study their effect on shear strength and bond performance in the critical regions containing a cold joint. The shear strength at the critical regions that contain a cold joint was investigated in the beam without shear reinforcement tested under a four-point load. For the cubes, the bonding strength in the cold joint was indirectly investigated using the bi-surface shear test. Experimental results detected that cold joints significantly influence shear strength and failure modes, specifically for longer delay times. Beams without stirrups dominantly failed in shear, with diagonal cracks initiating near the support, while delay times exacerbated the weakening of bonds, altering stress distribution and crack patterns. Similarly, cubes subjected to bi-shear stress demonstrated varied failure modes, transitioning from cohesive to adhesive and mixed failures depending on the delay time and compressive strength. A higher compressive strength of 50 MPa enhanced the overall shear capacity compared to 30 MPa; however, it also contributed to increased brittleness in failure modes. The findings emphasize that the interaction between delay times and compressive strength plays a crucial role in influencing the bonding characteristics and shear behavior of concrete elements containing cold joints.
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creator: Aseel Yousif Kareem
creator: Wisam Amer Aules
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Samarra Journal of Engineering Science and Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-03-30
publication date: 2025-03-30
starting page: 34
ending page: 54
doi: 10.65115/khewy230

Influence of replacing aggregates by recycled waste plastic on the mechanical properties of concrete: A review
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description: The rapid escalation in plastic production and consumption has resulted in a substantial increase in plastic waste, presenting serious environmental issues. In recent years, researchers have explored the possibility of using recycled plastic as an alternative aggregate in high-strength concrete, aiming to mitigate plastic waste and improve sustainability in construction practices. This study reviews the effects of incorporating recycled Plastic Aggregates (PA) on the properties of high-strength concrete. The review examines the effect of PA on concrete's physical, mechanical, and durability characteristics, highlighting both the potential benefits, such as enhanced energy absorption and sulfuric acid resistance, as well as limitations, including reduction in compressive strength. Current research indicates that despite changes in mechanical properties, concrete with recycled PA remains viable for many engineering applications. The findings confirm the need for further investigation into pre-treatment methods to optimize plastic aggregate performance, contributing to sustainable waste management and eco-friendly construction solutions.
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creator: Sara Abd Alruda Hassan
creator: Nada Mahdi Fawzi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Samarra Journal of Engineering Science and Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-03-30
publication date: 2025-03-30
starting page: 55
ending page: 72
doi: 10.65115/239bw534

Settlement of Circular Footing under Earthquake Load in Sandy Soil Treated with Steel Slag
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description: This research studies the effect of treating sandy soil with steel slag under seismic action (El Centro, Kobe) because of the present increase in seismic effectiveness and going to minimize damage of the foundations by excessive settlement. Steel slag was added to sandy soil with three percentages (3%, 6%, and 9%) and compacted with a relative density of 56%, and 77%. The prepared soil samples were tested on a shaking table (vibrating table). Settlement occurs due to dynamic force. A circular foundation with a diameter of 100 mm and a thickness of 40 mm was used, and the applied load was constant at 3.81kg. When the earthquake accelerates more, it results in increased settlement of the circular foundation based on sandy soil, in a dry or saturated state. The settlement of the foundation increases when subjected to the El Centro and Kobe earthquakes. In addition, increasing the mixing ratios and relative density decreases the settlement of the foundation subjected to earthquake. As the mixing ratio increased to 9%, the settlement ratio decreased. In the dry state, the settlement decreased by (37.42% and 36.77%) at a relative density of 56% for the El Centro and Kobe respectively. At a relative density of 77%, the settlement rate decreased by (39.31% and 39.89%), respectively. In the saturated state, the settlement decreased by (28.05% and 22.92%) at a relative density of 56% for the El Centro and Kobe respectively. At a relative density of 77%, the settlement rate decreased by (31.87% and 25.17%) for the El Centro and Kobe respectively. The settlement for the saturated state was twice that for the dry state.
subject: Articles
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creator: Ahmed H. Hussein
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Samarra Journal of Engineering Science and Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-01-19
publication date: 2025-01-19
starting page: 95
ending page: 113
doi: 10.65115/kpe67e50

Formulating the Competitive Housing Model in Iraq
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description: This study aims to develop a competitive housing model for the Iraqi housing sector, focusing on the challenges facing this sector, such as high houses price, houses low quality, and low housing competitiveness compared to international standards. This study addresses the impact of economic shifts, particularly globalization and the adoption of liberal economies, on the housing sector, emphasizing the need to invest in intellectual capital and improve architectural management to achieve sustainable competitive advantages. The research analyses key competitive indicators such as cost, quality, and financial returns, in addition to internal and external factors affecting the sector. It highlights the importance of innovation in architectural design and the use of modern technology, alongside enhancing public-private sector integration to support infrastructure and improve housing policies. By analysing Iraq's economic and social environment, the research proposes innovative strategies to boost competitiveness, including improving the quality of housing units, reducing construction costs, and fostering public-private partnerships. The study shows that achieving a balance between cost and quality, while increasing investment in intellectual capital, can enhance the competitiveness of Iraq's housing sector, contributing to better living standards and economic stability.
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creator: Ali Majid Hameed
creator: Kadhim Faris Dhumad
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Samarra Journal of Engineering Science and Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-01-19
publication date: 2025-01-19
starting page: 42
ending page: 77
doi: 10.65115/00vedc41

Evaluating the Thermal Performance of Solar Water Heating System Used Polypropylene Glycol with Al2O3 Nanoparticles in Different Concentrations as a Thermal Medium
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description: In this study, three laboratory samples of a nanofluid consisting of alumina in a propylene glycol solution were prepared for three different concentrations in weight ratios (0.2, 0.4, and 0.6%). The thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity of the three concentrations were measured at different temperatures (20, 60, 100, 140, and 180) °C. The results showed that the concentration of 0.6% is the highest value for thermal conductivity, and it was chosen as a working fluid in the experimental device. The nanofluid was placed in copper tubes to act as a heat transfer fluid. Sunflower oil was used as a medium to store the heat acquired from solar radiation. The oil was placed inside the evacuated tube, and the spiral annular copper tube was immersed in the vegetable oil and the second copper tube inside the water tank. They were connected to each other with copper connectors and copper ball valves. The experimental device was operated on March 2, 2024, and the highest temperature of vegetable oil was recorded at 134.9 °C, nanofluid coming out of the water tank at 35.6 °C, nanofluid entering the water tank at 80 °C, and water temperature at 42 °C at 6 pm. The experimental device continued to operate, and on April 2, 2024, the highest temperatures of oil, outgoing liquid, incoming liquid, and water were recorded at (164.1, 62.9, 103, and 70.8) °C, respectively, at 6 pm. With the continued operation of the experimental device, there was a noticeable increase in temperatures, and the highest temperatures were recorded on May 15, 2024, for oil, outgoing liquid, incoming liquid, and water at (174.1, 69.4, 115.9, and 80) °C, respectively. At the same time, the intensity of solar radiation falling on the evacuated tube was calculated during the daytime hours from 8 am to 6 pm. The average solar radiation for one day was recorded and the amount of heat stored in sunflower oil and the amount of heat stored in water were calculated and the efficiency of the evacuated tube was cal…
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creator: Rasha Yahya Al-Amiri
creator: Ahmed Salih Al-Akaishi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Samarra Journal of Engineering Science and Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-01-19
publication date: 2025-01-19
starting page: 78
ending page: 94
doi: 10.65115/41mw6a19

Effect of Crimped Steel Fiber Ratios on Punching Shear Strength of Lightweight Concrete Slabs
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description: Punching shear failure is an unfavorable failure mechanism that happens abruptly with little displacement in reinforced concrete flat slabs subjected to focused stress. A localized punching failure in one column increases the shear force acting on the surrounding columns. This could cause the adjoining columns to also experience a punching failure, ultimately resulting in the progressive collapse of the entire structure. In a way akin to a chain reaction, progressive collapse is the term used to characterize the propagation of an initial local failure within a structure, which may lead to a partial or complete collapse. This paper aims to investigate the impact of steel fiber on the punching shear of lightweight slabs. Three slabs measuring 750 x 750 x 70 mm are created. Two percentage of crimped steel fiber are using the volume of steel fiber was (0.5, 1) %. The results showed It can be seen that the ultimate load capacity was increased by (47.36) and (76.05) respectively. For sample content (0.5 and 1) steel fiber compare to control slab (S1-L-W). The results showed that the use of crimped steel fiber improved the first crack load by (84, 182.9) % for slabs used crimped steel fiber. Overall, the findings of this study indicate that adding the crimped steel fibers have significantly increased the ultimate load capacity, Ductility and toughness of the tested RLWC slabs.
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creator: Saja Taji Abd Alkarem
creator: Ali K. Al-Asadi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Samarra Journal of Engineering Science and Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-01-19
publication date: 2025-01-19
starting page: 24
ending page: 41
doi: 10.65115/9f4gtt73

Rehabilitation and Improving of Punching Shear Strength of Flat Plates: A Review
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description: At times, due to change in design, replace in the construction design, function and general mistakes, it led to heavier or additional loads. These reason caused a brittle failure known as a punching shear of flat plates may be occur under static or dynamics load. Many works have been carried the objectives of punching shear strength presence flat slabs and the behavior of repaired flat plates damaged due to punching shear. In addition to increase thickness of slab, increase dimension of column, there are many technics focuses on slab column connection strengthened with varies way such as carbon fiber reinforced polymer, steel stiffeners, steel angle and steel collar with a view to enhancement, the punching shear strength of flat slab appears. This paper shows comparison between the slabs strengthening with these ways.
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creator: Hanaa A. Ali
creator: Mohannad H. Al-Sherrawi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Samarra Journal of Engineering Science and Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-01-19
publication date: 2025-01-19
starting page: 11
ending page: 23
doi: 10.65115/90qzzx02

Influence of Circular Perforated Ribs on Heat Transfer in Channel
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description: This work investigates the influences of ribs and perforated ribs on heat transfer in square channels. The circular perforated rib was selected in this work. The study theoretically analyses parameters of the thermal performance, which includes Nusselt number, heat transfer rate, and air temperature distributions along the duct centreline for different loads and Reynolds numbers. The results indicated that by using the ribs in the channel, the heat transfer rate, heat transfer coefficient, and Nusselt number increased. The heat transfer rate, heat transfer coefficient, and Nusselt number also increase with using holes in ribs compared with that of the solid one. The reason for the increase in heat transfer is due to an increase in turbulence and thermal surface area. Moreover, it is observed changing shapes of the perforated ribs affect the parameters of heat transfer performance. The percentage of increase and improvement in heat transfer for solid ribs was (11.11%, 14.4%, and 12.5%) respectively. As for perforated ribs, the percentages of Nusselt number, convection coefficient, and heat transfer rate improved by (16.9%, 19.7%, and 17.2%) respectively, to a Reynolds number of 32051.
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creator: Mohammed Sajid Fakhri
creator: Ibrahim Thamer Nazzal
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Samarra Journal of Engineering Science and Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-01-19
publication date: 2025-01-19
starting page: 1
ending page: 10
doi: 10.65115/ybm0ap37

Resource allocation in a MIMO network with smart reflective surfaces by using deep learning algorithms
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description: Recently, wireless communications systems have developed significantly, and have impacted the spread of intelligent reflective surfaces (IRS) in multiple-input-multi-output (MIMO) networks. However, efficient allocation of resources such as power, bandwidth, and number of antennas among users in these networks remains a major challenge. A deep learning-relied (DL) algorithm for resource allocation in MIMO networks with IRS is suggested in this study. The proposed algorithm exploits the power of DL to optimize resource allocation in real-time, taking into account channel conditions as well as client motion. The performance of the suggested algorithm will be evaluated by performing multiple large-scale simulations and comparing it to existing resource allocation algorithms in MIMO/IRS system. The results show that the proposed LSTM-RNN/DL algorithm outperforms similar algorithms in terms of spectral efficiency, accuracy, and convergence speed. This research contributes to the development of resource allocation techniques in MIMO networks with IRS for outstanding efficiency using MATLAB program. Simulation results show BER of 104 with 99.8% performance efficiency to cover the increasing demand for wireless communication services.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Suham A. Albderi
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Samarra Journal of Engineering Science and Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-09-30
publication date: 2024-09-30
starting page: 207
ending page: 225
doi: 10.65115/sz9fqd58

Improving the management of highway construction projects using BOT system for heavy vehicles: A case study in Diyala
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description: Due to population growth, introduction of new technologies in the construction industry, political turmoil and mismanagement that have plagued all countries of the world, especially developing countries like Iraq, the demand for infrastructure development in developing countries has witnessed a sharp increase in recent times. Governments are no longer able to keep up with the pace of society development and meet its demands. As a result, it has become imperative for private sector partners to join the public sector in financing infrastructure projects and sharing the associated risks. Both BOT and PPP are two distinct financing models that have shown strong progress and great potential for growth in the infrastructure industry, in terms of project financing. This paper discusses the concept, content, functions, advantages and disadvantages of financing, applicability and evolution of the two financing models in our nation from the perspective of investment and government financing. In this study, the Khalis-Baghdad road was chosen as a case study, as this road witnessed heavy traffic and stops because it is one of the most important commercial roads entering the capital, Baghdad, from its northern entrance, which works as a commercial link and transports goods and commodities from northern Iraq and outside the capital or passes through the capital on its way to southern Iraq. Also, due to the lack of periodic maintenance of the road as a result of the heavy loads placed on it for long periods, which led to significant deterioration of the road, a proposed investment road was established that includes heavy vehicles and was analyzed economically. After applying the BOT system, the net present value reached 59,119,395,765 dinars and a B/C ratio of 2 after operating for 10 years. The results were very good, indicating the possibility of applying and implementing such projects with this contract system in Iraq.
subject: Articles
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creator: Aya aheem Salman
creator: Abdurrahman Adnan
creator: Raquim N.Zehawi
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Samarra Journal of Engineering Science and Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-09-30
publication date: 2024-09-30
doi: 10.65115/7gwj8m45

The Effect of Moving Bed Biofilm on the Nutrient Removal Efficiency by Using Enhanced Bardenpho Process
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description: Wastewater is usually treated using various of chemical, physical, and biological approaches to remove phosphorus and nitrogen from it. This study looked at an experimental research that used a lab-scale Bardenpho process to evaluate the elimination of nutrients from synthetic wastewater. The purpose of this study is to investigate how HRT affects nutrient removal efficiency at different MBB ratios (0, 10, 20, and 30%) when total HRT is between 9.5 and 17.5 hours and the IR ratio is between 0 and 300%. The results showed a significant improvement concerning the influence of the MBB ratio on COD elimination, and there was a reasonable increase in TN and PO4 elimination as the MBB ratio increased from 0% to 30% and when IR ratio increased from 0 to 300%. Therefore, the optimum MBB ratio and total HRT for this research would be around 30% and 17.5 hr, respectively, with maximum removal efficiencies of 97.97% , 85.33% and 77.78% for COD, TN and PO4 respectively.
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creator: Masood M. Hazzaa
creator: Waleed Mohammed Sheet
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Samarra Journal of Engineering Science and Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-09-30
publication date: 2024-09-30
starting page: 139
ending page: 149
doi: 10.65115/hr7d1j24

Evaluating the performance indicators of water channel projects related to user service
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description: Water management is a critical issue globally, especially in Iraq, where improving water resource management is essential. This study focuses on user satisfaction as a key indicator in enhancing water channel projects, which are vital for meeting the water needs of the population and agricultural lands. Through a two-stage questionnaire process, with 56 responses analyzed, the study found that 53.6% of users preferred water channels, particularly lined channels, for irrigation. Key issues identified include water interruptions and insufficient project capacity, with 43% of respondents advocating for large-scale irrigation projects to improve service. The research suggests implementing projects with high absorptive capacity and modern irrigation methods to mitigate water scarcity. Notably, 84% of users favored water-saving irrigation techniques. The results aim to guide designers and policymakers in optimizing irrigation infrastructure, ensuring continuous water supply, and improving user satisfaction. The study also highlights the need to update aging infrastructure, as 28.6% of respondents attributed water shortages to outdated projects. By addressing these concerns, the research provides recommendations for developing more efficient water management systems and projects that cater to user needs and promote sustainability.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Eman K. Aliwy
creator: Abdulrahman Adnan Ibrahim
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Samarra Journal of Engineering Science and Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-09-30
publication date: 2024-09-30
starting page: 150
ending page: 159
doi: 10.65115/8znxq509

Assessing Shear Behaviour in Reinforced Concrete Beams: A Numerical Approach Using a Finite Element Program (ABAQUS)
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description: Structural engineers frequently employ numerical techniques to provide approximate solutions to complex problems. This methodology is known as the finite element approach. It often collapses structural components into very small parts. Fundamental concepts of structural analysis and design theory are successfully included in nonlinear finite element analysis, which frequently yields accurate predictions of structural behavior. Recent advances in computer technology have contributed to the rise in popularity of finite element analysis. This article discusses the creation of the 3D model of nonlinear finite element for RC beams with shear behaviour. We generated and evaluated the finite element models using the ABAQUS program, specifically version 2019. The findings of the Finite Element Analysis for the strain distribution, load deflection relationship, modes of failure, and load capacity were mostly consistent with the experimental data. The experiment's actual maximum load capacity was, on average, 2.75%, lower than the figure that the ABAQUS computer algorithm projected. The practical trial and computational results showed a mean deflection difference of 7.54% at ultimate loads. Finite element (FE) analysis might be a good way to make estimates based on the beams' cracking behaviour, load-bearing capacity, and deformation characteristics. This is due to its ability to properly simulate crack propagation and structural damage, resembling the outcomes of actual investigations.
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creator: Othman Majeed Abdullah
creator: Aziz Ibrhim Abdulla
creator: Wisam Amer Auls
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Samarra Journal of Engineering Science and Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-09-30
publication date: 2024-09-30
starting page: 1
ending page: 14
doi: 10.65115/qq90ps61

Compact and Switchable Printed Antenna Covering mm-wave for 5G system.
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description: In recent years, there has been a growing demand for reconfigurable antennas in 5G (mm-wave band) applications. These antennas are designed to adapt and adjust their radiation patterns, polarization, or operating frequencies to meet the various requirements of 5G application. The main advantage of reconfigurable antennas is their ability to avoid noisy environments and direct the signal towards the intended user. Given the rapid growth of wireless communication, particularly in the context of 5G technology, researchers are handled with the task of developing an antenna that is smaller in size, but capable of providing a wider bandwidth and higher gain. This study constructs a compact-frequency reconfigurable antenna with three PIN diodes to operate in the millimetre-wave frequency range for use in 5G communication systems. We designed the suggested antenna using a Roger RT 5880 substrate, which has a relative dielectric constant of 2.2 and a thickness of 0.8 mm. This antenna covers a dual band of frequencies (25.3, 26.1, 28.2, 29, 45.6, 56.5) GHz by simply switching the diodes ON/OFF. The total dimension of the antenna is 8 × 8 × 0.8 mm³. This antenna is not only compact, but it also offers a great gain that varies from 3.61 to 6.34 dB, as well as 97% efficiency, bandwidth 14.9 GHz in the 5G bands. It was simulated using CST 2018 software package.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Shimaa shahab
creator: Mohammed Kamel
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Samarra Journal of Engineering Science and Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-09-30
publication date: 2024-09-30
starting page: 126
ending page: 138
doi: 10.65115/0af4c383

Fresh and Hardened Properties of Self-Compacting Concrete containing Waste Materials and Recycled Coarse Aggregate.
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description: Currently, the use of waste materials and recycled aggregates in concrete production is increasing to achieve sustainability in the construction industry. This approach is essential because the resources for natural aggregates are decreasing worldwide. Using recycled aggregates and waste materials in self-compacting concrete (SCC) production is a promising strategy to address environmental concerns and enhance sustainability. This study investigates the combined impact of ground-granulated furnace slag (GGBS), wood waste ash (WWA), and recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) on the workability and strength of SCC. Recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) has been used as a substitute for natural coarse aggregate (NCA). In volume ratios of 0, 50, 100%, and for each of these percentages, 20% of the cement weight was replaced as following; 20% for WWA, 10% for WWA with 10% GGBS, 20% for GGBS, in addition to reference mixture which containing a cement percentage of 100%. The experimental program evaluates fresh properties (slump flow, V-funnel flow, and passing ability) and hardened properties (compressive strength and split tensile strength). Results indicate that increasing RCA content from 0% to 100% reduces slump value from 780 mm to 730 mm. Compressive and split tensile strengths decrease by 12.14% and 2.67%, respectively, with the increase of RCA from 0 to 100%. Using WWA and GGBS as cement replacements reduces compressive strength by 40.92% and 6.74%, respectively. Therefore, it is recommended to incorporate other waste materials with high pozzolanic reactivity to enhance SCC strength containing RCA.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Khamees N. Abdulhaleem
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Samarra Journal of Engineering Science and Research https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-09-30
publication date: 2024-09-30
starting page: 112
ending page: 125
doi: 10.65115/pq9hf958